Swift Concurrency

Review, fix, and write concurrent Swift code targeting Swift 6.3+. Apply actor isolation, Sendable safety, and modern concurrency patterns with minimal behavior changes.

Contents

• Triage Workflow
• Swift 6.2 Language Changes
• Actor Isolation Rules
• Sendable Rules
• Structured Concurrency Patterns
• Task Cancellation
• Actor Reentrancy
• AsyncSequence and AsyncStream
• @Observable and Concurrency
• Synchronization Primitives
• Common Mistakes
• Review Checklist
• References

Triage Workflow

When diagnosing a concurrency issue, follow this sequence:

Step 1: Capture context

• Copy the exact compiler diagnostic(s) and the offending symbol(s).
• Identify the project's concurrency settings:
  • Swift language version (must be 6.2+).
  • Whether approachable concurrency (default MainActor isolation) is enabled.
  • Strict concurrency checking level (Complete / Targeted / Minimal).
• Determine the current actor context of the code (@MainActor, custom actor, nonisolated) and whether a default isolation mode is active.
• Confirm whether the code is UI-bound or intended to run off the main actor.

Step 2: Apply the smallest safe fix

Prefer edits that preserve existing behavior while satisfying data-race safety.

Step 3: Verify

• Rebuild and confirm the diagnostic is resolved.
• Check for new warnings introduced by the fix.
• Ensure no unnecessary @unchecked Sendable or nonisolated(unsafe) was added.

Swift 6.2 Language Changes

Swift 6.2 introduces "approachable concurrency" -- a set of language changes that make concurrent code safer by default while reducing annotation burden.

SE-0466: Default MainActor Isolation

With the -default-isolation MainActor compiler flag (or the Xcode 26 "Approachable Concurrency" build setting), all code in a module runs on @MainActor by default unless explicitly opted out.

Effect: Eliminates most data-race safety errors for UI-bound code and global/static state without writing @MainActor everywhere.

// With default MainActor isolation enabled, these are implicitly @MainActor:
final class StickerLibrary {
    static let shared = StickerLibrary()  // safe -- on MainActor
    var stickers: [Sticker] = []
}

final class StickerModel {
    let photoProcessor = PhotoProcessor()
    var selection: [PhotosPickerItem] = []
}

// Conformances are also implicitly isolated:
extension StickerModel: Exportable {
    func export() {
        photoProcessor.exportAsPNG()
    }
}

When to use: Recommended for apps, scripts, and other executable targets where most code is UI-bound. Not recommended for library targets that should remain actor-agnostic.

SE-0461: nonisolated(nonsending)

Nonisolated async functions now stay on the caller's actor by default instead of hopping to the global concurrent executor. This is the nonisolated(nonsending) behavior.

class PhotoProcessor {
    func extractSticker(data: Data, with id: String?) async -> Sticker? {
        // In Swift 6.2+, this runs on the caller's actor (e.g., MainActor)
        // instead of hopping to a background thread.
        // ...
    }
}

@MainActor
final class StickerModel {
    let photoProcessor = PhotoProcessor()

    func extractSticker(_ item: PhotosPickerItem) async throws -> Sticker? {
        guard let data = try await item.loadTransferable(type: Data.self) else {
            return nil
        }
        // No data race -- photoProcessor stays on MainActor
        return await photoProcessor.extractSticker(data: data, with: item.itemIdentifier)
    }
}

Use @concurrent to explicitly request background execution when needed.

@concurrent Attribute

@concurrent ensures a function always runs on the concurrent thread pool, freeing the calling actor to run other tasks.

class PhotoProcessor {
    var cachedStickers: [String: Sticker] = [:]

    func extractSticker(data: Data, with id: String) async -> Sticker {
        if let sticker = cachedStickers[id] { return sticker }

        let sticker = await Self.extractSubject(from: data)
        cachedStickers[id] = sticker
        return sticker
    }

    @concurrent
    static func extractSubject(from data: Data) async -> Sticker {
        // Expensive image processing -- runs on background thread pool
        // ...
    }
}

To move a function to a background thread:

1. Ensure the containing type is nonisolated (or the function itself is).
2. Add @concurrent to the function.
3. Add async if not already asynchronous.
4. Add await at call sites.

nonisolated struct PhotoProcessor {
    @concurrent
    func process(data: Data) async -> ProcessedPhoto? { /* ... */ }
}

// Caller:
processedPhotos[item.id] = await PhotoProcessor().process(data: data)

SE-0472: Task.immediate

Task.immediate starts executing synchronously on the current actor before any suspension point, rather than being enqueued.

Task.immediate { await handleUserInput() }

Use for latency-sensitive work that should begin without delay. There is also Task.immediateDetached which combines immediate start with detached semantics.

SE-0475: Transactional Observation (Observations)

Observations { } provides async observation of @Observable types via AsyncSequence, enabling transactional change tracking.

for await _ in Observations { model.count } {
    print("Count changed to \(model.count)")
}

Isolated Conformances

A conformance that needs MainActor state is called an isolated conformance. The compiler ensures it is only used in a matching isolation context.

protocol Exportable {
    func export()
}

// Isolated conformance: only usable on MainActor
extension StickerModel: @MainActor Exportable {
    func export() {
        photoProcessor.exportAsPNG()
    }
}

@MainActor
struct ImageExporter {
    var items: [any Exportable]

    mutating func add(_ item: StickerModel) {
        items.append(item)  // OK -- ImageExporter is on MainActor
    }
}

If ImageExporter were nonisolated, adding a StickerModel would fail: "Main actor-isolated conformance of 'StickerModel' to 'Exportable' cannot be used in nonisolated context."

Clock Epochs

ContinuousClock and SuspendingClock now expose .epoch (SE-0473), enabling instant comparison and conversion between clock types.