Go Testing Patterns

Comprehensive Go testing patterns for writing reliable, maintainable tests following TDD methodology.

When to Activate

• Writing new Go functions or methods
• Adding test coverage to existing code
• Creating benchmarks for performance-critical code
• Implementing fuzz tests for input validation
• Following TDD workflow in Go projects

TDD Workflow for Go

The RED-GREEN-REFACTOR Cycle

RED     → Write a failing test first
GREEN   → Write minimal code to pass the test
REFACTOR → Improve code while keeping tests green
REPEAT  → Continue with next requirement

Step-by-Step TDD in Go

// Step 1: Define the interface/signature
// calculator.go
package calculator

func Add(a, b int) int {
    panic("not implemented") // Placeholder
}

// Step 2: Write failing test (RED)
// calculator_test.go
package calculator

import "testing"

func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
    got := Add(2, 3)
    want := 5
    if got != want {
        t.Errorf("Add(2, 3) = %d; want %d", got, want)
    }
}

// Step 3: Run test - verify FAIL
// $ go test
// --- FAIL: TestAdd (0.00s)
// panic: not implemented

// Step 4: Implement minimal code (GREEN)
func Add(a, b int) int {
    return a + b
}

// Step 5: Run test - verify PASS
// $ go test
// PASS

// Step 6: Refactor if needed, verify tests still pass

Table-Driven Tests

The standard pattern for Go tests. Enables comprehensive coverage with minimal code.

func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
    tests := []struct {
        name     string
        a, b     int
        expected int
    }{
        {"positive numbers", 2, 3, 5},
        {"negative numbers", -1, -2, -3},
        {"zero values", 0, 0, 0},
        {"mixed signs", -1, 1, 0},
        {"large numbers", 1000000, 2000000, 3000000},
    }

    for _, tt := range tests {
        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
            got := Add(tt.a, tt.b)
            if got != tt.expected {
                t.Errorf("Add(%d, %d) = %d; want %d",
                    tt.a, tt.b, got, tt.expected)
            }
        })
    }
}

Table-Driven Tests with Error Cases

func TestParseConfig(t *testing.T) {
    tests := []struct {
        name    string
        input   string
        want    *Config
        wantErr bool
    }{
        {
            name:  "valid config",
            input: `{"host": "localhost", "port": 8080}`,
            want:  &Config{Host: "localhost", Port: 8080},
        },
        {
            name:    "invalid JSON",
            input:   `{invalid}`,
            wantErr: true,
        },
        {
            name:    "empty input",
            input:   "",
            wantErr: true,
        },
        {
            name:  "minimal config",
            input: `{}`,
            want:  &Config{}, // Zero value config
        },
    }

    for _, tt := range tests {
        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
            got, err := ParseConfig(tt.input)

            if tt.wantErr {
                if err == nil {
                    t.Error("expected error, got nil")
                }
                return
            }

            if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
            }

            if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
                t.Errorf("got %+v; want %+v", got, tt.want)
            }
        })
    }
}

Subtests and Sub-benchmarks

Organizing Related Tests

func TestUser(t *testing.T) {
    // Setup shared by all subtests
    db := setupTestDB(t)

    t.Run("Create", func(t *testing.T) {
        user := &User{Name: "Alice"}
        err := db.CreateUser(user)
        if err != nil {
            t.Fatalf("CreateUser failed: %v", err)
        }
        if user.ID == "" {
            t.Error("expected user ID to be set")
        }
    })

    t.Run("Get", func(t *testing.T) {
        user, err := db.GetUser("alice-id")
        if err != nil